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The Software License Question

By Ed Foster, Section The Gripelog
Posted on Tue Mar 14, 2006 at 12:12:26 AM PDT

It's a question we've asked before, but we still haven't heard any good answers. Why do software products come with licenses, when most other types of copyrighted works don't?


"The EULA Library is a great idea, but I have a more fundamental question," one reader recently wrote. "If I buy a book, or clothes dryer, or TV, or computer, it does not come with a EULA. If I use the thing illegally, I can be prosecuted. So, why the complicated licensing for software? If it's business software, there are details about concurrent users versus seats, maintenance, etc. But for software that just sits on one computer? Insofar as software makers are concerned about illegal copying and distribution of software, they could deal with that without an 'agreement.' That problem exists for music CDs and DVDs, but they don't usually have EULAs -- though they would like to, I guess. Why can't they just display a prominent notice that anyone who illegally copies and distributes the product will be prosecuted?"

A common misconception is that copyright law somehow mandates that software be "licensed, not sold." In a recent discussion on my website, a reader pointed out that is simply not the case. "Copyright laws around the world specifically allows you to make copies needed to use software you have bought, that includes installing it on your computer," the reader wrote, pointing to Section 117 of the U.S. Copyright Act as an example. "There is NO need for any license at all for such a thing. The fact that someone writes a document calling it a license does not change this fact and does not make it illegal to do so without such a license."

The same reader argues that by definition one doesn't license product but a right to do something. "Typically a license is a permission to do something, something you are not allowed to otherwise," the reader wrote. "For example, one can get a license to reproduce and sell copies of a work protected under copyright, since that is forbidden otherwise under copyright law. But how does that apply to someone 'purchasing' or otherwise acquiring software, music, or whatever? Yes, I am aware that the ones producing software, music and such like to use 'licensing' and 'license' but that does not magically turn it into something true ... It is like claiming you suddenly need a license to sit on a chair you bought, and if you don't get that license, it is illegal to sit on the chair."

So where does the idea that software must be licensed come from? The easy answer of course is the software publishers. But the harder question is why so many think that licenses have something to do with copyright law when in fact the only reason for EULAs is to take away rights we'd otherwise have.

< Getting New Drivers Isn't a Canon of Faith | Sears.com Vacuums Up Customer's Money >


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The Software License Question | 334 comments (334 topical) | Post A Comment
It's all about framing the debate[ Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#1)
by ekuns on Tue Mar 14, 2006 at 06:55:49 AM PDT

The copyright holders have successfully framed the debate in terms of "theft" and "piracy," when those of us who look at the true implementation of EULAs see that EULAs and DRM both are not truly about stopping theft or piracy. The copyright holders appeal to the "sense of fairness" that the average person has. They point to the reality of rampant copyright violation.

The average person who hears this understands that they do need to protect themselves from people breaking the law. On the surface, the EULAs and DRM mechanism do exactly that. And that's the end of that. The average person understands that digital things are copied far more easily than physial things, and thus, perhaps some more stringent protection is called for.

The average person doesn't see that EULAs and DRM do not, in fact, add any significant protection against copyright violation, but they do remove signifant rights provided to the user under copyright law.

The problem we face when talking about this with people is that we have to somehow reframe the debate. This is difficult to do. When we rail against greed we are accurate, but this doesn't convince the average person because it is not a reasoned argument. In the worst case scenario, this is not something that the average person will understand until so many rights are taken away that it becomes blatant. Our job is to find a way to change the terms of the debate somehow so that we can reach ordinary reasonable people. We need to somehow find a way to communicate to ordinary people who respect the law that EULAs and DRM are not, in fact, truly about copyright law, but are about removing rights we have under copyright law.

If we cannot do this, we will not succeed.



[ Reply to This ]


The Golden Rule[ Parent | Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#2)
by Anonymous User on Tue Mar 14, 2006 at 12:12:52 PM PDT

EULA's are just another example of the golden rule: "He who has the most gold makes the rules." It's all well and good to say that some EULAs are worthless as a pair of dingos kidneys (or something to that effect), but another to be able to take the company to court and prove the point. And there's the rub. Until someone or some organization with enough money and political clout comes along to challenge the EULAs' we are stuck with them.

[ Parent | Reply to This ]


yes[ Parent | Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#61)
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[ Parent | Reply to This ]


EULAs[ Parent | Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#3)
by Anonymous User on Tue Mar 14, 2006 at 12:27:34 PM PDT

What we consumers must do is form an organization of with hundreds of thousands of consumers as members. Then each of us makes a small donation of money ($5.00-$50.00) to create a defense fund. Then we selectively pursue the companies that would have us surrender our rights in court having their license agreements legally voided because they are not the result of an agreement between the parties. If we can cost them money and render their licensing efforts worthless, we can put a stop to this bleeding of our fair use rights. If we can muster millions of members, we can organize an email, letter writing, and phone call campaign to our federal elected officials and force them to pass legislation that voids all EULAs that are shrink wrapped or otherwise not the result of specific negotiations between a buyer and seller. As long as the battles are one or two individuals against major companies, we lose. We need to use the internet to organize and revolt against these greedy companies. The law is sufficient to protect them from piracy and copyright violations. I for one am ready to join and support such an organization.

[ Parent | Reply to This ]


No Organization Needed[ Parent | Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#5)
by Anonymous User on Tue Mar 14, 2006 at 03:01:41 PM PDT

All we, as consumers, need to do is stop buying products with restrictive EULA's. That's all it takes. Find other companies or open source which doesn't extract a pound of flesh for you to have the right to use the product you paid for. Unfortunately, the American consumer, as a whole, does not have the dicipline for this type of action. They just keep letting the corporations have their money and their rights too!

[ Parent | Reply to This ]


It's all about framing the debate[ Parent | Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#4)
by Anonymous User on Tue Mar 14, 2006 at 02:16:18 PM PDT

Very well said! Also, as another poster pointed out, I'm all for an organization that stands for the common Joe (you and me) that will take a stand against this, and other flagrant abuses by big corporations. Didn't Ralph Nader do this type of thing before he got involved in politics?

[ Parent | Reply to This ]


Lock in / Forced Obsolecence[ Parent | Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#7)
by Anonymous User on Tue Mar 14, 2006 at 04:42:25 PM PDT

Its all about vendor lock in and forced obsolecence (sp?) 1)Basically companies use a EULA to prevent reverse engineering so that competitors can't easily produce compatible products. (or at least they try to: SEE BNET vs Blizzard for example 2)The EULA can (somewhat) tie the use of the software to a license (which the companies can then restrict the transfer of: possibly limiting the USED market. 3)DRM - Eula's can attemt to be used to waive consumer rights that conflict w/ DRM schemes 4)If a Eula doesn't allow the software to be used except under certain conditions (esp if the company controls those conditions) the company can in theory force upgrades. (Such as tying a product to a piece of hardware: OEM software tied to a chip on the motherboard, or Product Activation Schemes) IMO

[ Parent | Reply to This ]


uuuuu[ Parent | Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#69)
by khlodi on Fri Oct 03, 2008 at 07:06:11 PM PDT

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[ Parent | Reply to This ]


Why we need an EULA[ Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#8)
by Anonymous User on Tue Mar 14, 2006 at 07:13:22 PM PDT

If I understand the orignal article correctly, the point is that EULAs are not needed because software is already protected from copying by copyright law. So when a person buys the software, they are only legally allowed to make copies (e.g. installations) for their own use. Hopefully, my understanding is correct.

So here's my question - what if we give away trial copies? Like many companies, we give away software for free download that is almost fully functional. When they 'buy', they get a license key that unlocks the full features of the software. I'm no copyright expert, but I don't think copyright would apply to the license key, since it is not a "creative" work. So they can copy the key, and we give them permission to copy the software by allowing "free" downloads. Therefore, without a EULA, they can copy it all freely.

So how can we distribute our software in this manner without a EULA?

[ Reply to This ]



We don't[ Parent | Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#9)
by Anonymous User on Tue Mar 14, 2006 at 10:13:21 PM PDT

One of the first misperceptions is that Copyright holders own copyrighted works. They do not. They own a specific set of rights dictated by copyright law. All other rights belong to the public. While this collection of other rights is generally refered to as our fair use rights, they were not created in court, but as a natural consequence of the contitutionally limited nature of copyrights. So this is the first reason for a EULA. Copyright holders despite their claims do not own their works ONLY the rights designated by copyright - all other rights belong to the public. The EULA is a way for the copyright holder to reinforce our misperception that the copyrighted work is owned by the copyright holder. More recently the US supreme court has found it hard to give meaning to the term "limited" in the constitutional definitions of copyrights and patents, but the term is still there and while it means less today that 200 years ago, it could easily mean more tomorow. After that the EULA is a perfectly reasonable means for the buyer and seller of a copyrighted work to adjust the relationship beyond that of copyrights. An EULA could become a contract. In the case of some EULA's such as the GPL the EULA grants substantial additional rights, in return for abiding by a few restrictions. Any EULA that grant's aditional rights likely constitutes a valid contract - if the user chooses to excercise any of those additional rights. However the validity of any after sale attempt to renegotiate a deal faces serious legal hurdles. Thirty years ago there would have been no doubt in most lawyers minds that a shrink wrap license agreement is meaningless. Today despite running afoul of centuries old legal precepts, I would not be willing to bet against a court finding a shrink wrap license valid - but I would not bet my company on its validity as most EULA's fails to meet several critical elements of the requirements for a valid contract. And a License is nothing more than a specific form of contract.

[ Parent | Reply to This ]


Maybe I missed the answer[ Parent | Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#12)
by Anonymous User on Wed Mar 15, 2006 at 05:47:12 AM PDT

Maybe you answered my question and I missed it. Given the arguements against EULAs presented here, how am I, as a software developer, protected against use of my software from non-paying users if I do business as described above? Am I protected at all?

[ Parent | Reply to This ]


EULAs are just another piece of paper[ Parent | Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#13)
by srynas on Wed Mar 15, 2006 at 06:25:19 AM PDT

No one is arguing that the creator of intellectual property should NOT be paid. While the creator of intellectual property has certain "rights" the consumer also has "rights".  The issue is the growing arrogance of those creating intellectual property that they have the sole right to the property and that the consumer is without recourse.  

Besides the basic issue cited, the corporations have been changing the law to grant them additional privileges and to further reduce consumer rights.  Additionally there are issues, such as the refusal of stores to take returns and the lack of customer support.  This leaves the consumer with the feeling that once they have your money you are screwed. Too bad-so sad.  Now have a nice day.

For our society to function, both sides have to be ethical.  When the one side, in this case the content creators, becomes unethical then the other side (the consumer) feels free to fight back even if those actions are not ethical either.  This forum is about the unethical actions of the vendors.


[ Parent | Reply to This ]



Maybe they are needed...[ Parent | Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#15)
by Anonymous User on Wed Mar 15, 2006 at 08:35:22 AM PDT

srynas wrote: > This forum is about the unethical actions of the vendors.

This particular article is about "why do we have EULAs". I guess my answer is that without it, we could not freely distribute a demo version of our software that can be fully activated by installing a license key. This is what customers want - to try before they buy. That is what we want to give them.

Since we make the software freely available, and the keys would most likely not be subject to copyright protection, then we would have to resort some other means of copy protection, like keying to a MAC address or a hardware dongle. Nobody wants that. Especially the vendor. So the EULA is a way to create a more specific agreement between the two parties. I can't see how we could do business without it.

I think one of Ed's goals is to help find some more moderate EULA language that is more consumer friendly. My employer is 100% in support of that.

Note: I'm not in favor of the more draconian EULAs. In fact I have publicly attacked some vendor for ridiculous clauses in my own publications.

[ Parent | Reply to This ]



Relevance[ Parent | Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#17)
by WmAx on Wed Mar 15, 2006 at 11:49:44 AM PDT

So far as standard consumer transactions of software, I feel that a license should only be used where required, such as in your example, where no physical embodiment can exist to provide protection(s) otherwise. In reality, a law needs to be added that specifically addresses this situation, therefor not requiring you to use a license system. However, in the case of physical sale on media, this is fully covered in existing copyright code, and I don't believe that there is a justifiable reason to make an exception allowing a license.

-Chris

[ Parent | Reply to This ]



Addendum[ Parent | Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#18)
by WmAx on Wed Mar 15, 2006 at 11:52:55 AM PDT

I meant to specify that the license system required currently for works distributed without a physical embodiment should be specifically limited by law in what it can restrict. Otherwise, all vendors would simply try to avoid physical media embodiments as an excuse to use their current unethical [in many cases] licenses.

-Chris

[ Parent | Reply to This ]



yes[ Parent | Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#58)
by maderikapapa on Sat Jun 28, 2008 at 12:22:01 AM PDT

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[ Parent | Reply to This ]


fvbh[ Parent | Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#79)
by Anonymous User on Wed Oct 22, 2008 at 05:05:16 AM PDT

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[ Parent | Reply to This ]


fgbb[ Parent | Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#94)
by Anonymous User on Thu Oct 23, 2008 at 07:15:22 AM PDT

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[ Parent | Reply to This ]


gbvv[ Parent | Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#109)
by Anonymous User on Fri Oct 24, 2008 at 05:00:25 AM PDT

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[ Parent | Reply to This ]


gfdd[ Parent | Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#122)
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[ Parent | Reply to This ]


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[ Parent | Reply to This ]


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[ Parent | Reply to This ]


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[ Parent | Reply to This ]


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ffgb[ Parent | Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#208)
by Anonymous User on Sat Nov 01, 2008 at 06:35:39 AM PDT

不倫熟女,fff風--

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fkoo[ Parent | Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#223)
by Anonymous User on Sun Nov 02, 2008 at 07:18:39 AM PDT

,ff,,SEX逆援

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okmm[ Parent | Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#238)
by Anonymous User on Mon Nov 03, 2008 at 06:24:57 AM PDT

不倫童貞ff',

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jdhh[ Parent | Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#253)
by Anonymous User on Tue Nov 04, 2008 at 04:53:39 AM PDT

,f*f熟女,fff

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mkoo[ Parent | Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#264)
by Anonymous User on Tue Nov 04, 2008 at 11:09:27 PM PDT

人妻,f*f,ff,,

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gfbb[ Parent | Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#280)
by Anonymous User on Thu Nov 06, 2008 at 11:49:50 PM PDT

,fff^,f熟女

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fvbb[ Parent | Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#295)
by Anonymous User on Sat Nov 08, 2008 at 01:23:57 AM PDT

人妻,fff不倫

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ggfd[ Parent | Reply to This ] (none / 0) (#310)
by Anonymous User on Sun Nov 09, 2008 at 04:33:10 AM PDT

,fff^SEX逆援

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